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China (Zhōngguó/Zhōnghuá), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the most populous state in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3.7 million square miles). It is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (SARs), Hong Kong and Macau. Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims the island of Taiwan, which is controlled by the government of the Republic of China, as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War.
China’s landscape is vast and diverse, with forest steppes and the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts occupying the arid north and northwest near Mongolia and Central Asia, and subtropical forests being prevalent in the wetter south near Southeast Asia. The terrain of western China is rugged and elevated, with the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separating China from South and Central Asia. The world’s apex, Mt. Everest (8,848 m), lies on the China-Nepal border, while the world's second-highest point, K2 (8,611 m), is situated on China's border with Pakistan. The country’s lowest and the world’s third-lowest point, Lake Ayding (-154 m), is located in the Turpan Depression. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third- and sixth-longest in the world, have their sources in the Tibetan Plateau and continue to the densely populated eastern seaboard. China’s coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi) long (the 11th-longest in the world), and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East and South China Seas.
The ancient Chinese civilization—one of the world's earliest—flourished in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. China's political system was based on hereditary monarchies, known as dynasties, beginning with the semi-mythological Xia of the Yellow River basin (approx. 2000 BC) and ending with the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. Since 221 BC, when the Qin Dynasty first conquered several states to form a Chinese empire, the country has fractured and been reformed numerous times. The Republic of China (ROC), founded in 1912 after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty, ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949. In the 1946–1949 phase of the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communists defeated the Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang) on the mainland and established the People's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949. The Kuomintang relocated the ROC government to Taiwan, establishing its capital in Taipei. The ROC's jurisdiction is now limited to Taiwan and several outlying islands, including Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu. Since 1949, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (now widely known as "Taiwan") have remained in dispute over the sovereignty of China and the political status of Taiwan, mutually claiming each other's territory and competing for international diplomatic recognition. In 1971, the PRC gained admission to United Nations and took the Chinese seat as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the G-20.
As of September 2011, all but 23 countries have recognized the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China.
The first Shaolin Monastery abbot was Batuo (also called Fotuo or Buddhabhadra, not to be confused with Bodhidharma) a dhyana master who came to China from India in AD 464.
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Relly Victoria Petrescu, Florian Ion Petrescu
ASIN: B0070O53NS
Publisher: unknown
Pages: N/A
The paper presents an original method to determine the efficiency of the gear. The originality of this method relies on the eliminated friction modulus. The paper is analyzing the influence of a few parameters concerning gear efficiency. These parameters are: z1 - the number of teeth for the primary wheel of gear; z2 - the number of teeth of the secondary wheel of gear; α0 - the normal pressure angle on the divided circle; β - the inclination angle. With the relations presented in this paper, one can make the synthesis of the gear’s mechanisms. Some mechanisms work by pulses and are transmitting the movement from an element to another by pulses and not by friction. Gears work practically only by pulses. The component of slip or friction is practically the loss. Because of this the mechanical efficacy becomes practically the mechanical efficiency of gear.The paper is analyzing the inf ...
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Produktbeschreibungen
Kurzbeschreibung
Stealth aircraft are aircraft that use stealth technology to avoid detection by employing a combination of features to interfere with radar as well as reduce visibility in the infrared, visual, audio, and radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Development of stealth technology likely began in Germany during World War II. Well-known modern examples of stealth aircraft include the United States' F-117 Nighthawk (1981–2008, fig. 96), the B-2 Spirit (fig. 97), the F-22 Raptor (fig. 98), and the F-35 Lightning II (fig. 99).
While no aircraft is totally invisible to radar, stealth aircraft prevent conventional radar from detecting or tracking the aircraft effectively, reducing the odds of a successful attack. Stealth is the combination of passive low observable (LO) features and active emitters such as Low Probability of Intercept Radars, radios and laser designators. These are usually combined with active defenses such as chaff, flares, and ECM. It is accomplished by using a complex design philosophy to reduce the ability of an opponent's sensors to detect, track, or attack the stealth aircraft. This philosophy also takes into account the heat, sound, and other emissions of the aircraft as these can also be used to locate it.
According to Aulus Gellius, Archytas, the Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist, was reputed to have designed and built, around 400 BC, the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 metres. This machine, which its inventor called The Pigeon, may have been suspended on a wire or pivot for its flight.
The 9th century Muslim Berber inventor, Abbas Ibn Firnas's glider is considered by John Harding to be the first attempt at heavier-than-air flight in aviation history.
In 1010 AD an English monk, Eilmer of Malmesbury purportedly piloted a primitive gliding craft from the tower of Malmesbury Abbey. Eilmer was said to have flown over 200 yards (180 m) before landing, breaking both his legs. He later remarked that the only reason he did not fly further was because he forgot to give it a tail, and he was about to add one when his concerned Abbot forbade him any further experiments.
Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Brazil and Portugal, an experimenter with early airship designs. In 1709 demonstrated a small airship model before the Portuguese court, but never succeeded with a full-scale model.
Pilâtre de Rozier, Paris, France, first trip by a human in a free-flying balloon (the Montgolfière), built by Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier,. 9 km covered in 25 minutes on October 15, 1783. (see Le Globe below for first unmanned flight, 2 months earlier)
Professor Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert, two French brothers, Anne-Jean and Nicolas-Louis, variously shared three milestones of pioneering flight :
Le Globe, the first unmanned hydrogen gas balloon flew on 26 August 1783 (fig. 1).
On 1 December 1783 La Charlière piloted by Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert made the first manned hydrogen balloon flight.
On 19 September 1784, La Caroline, an elongated craft that followed Jean Baptiste Meusnier's proposals for a dirigible balloon, completed the first flight over 100 km from Paris to Beuvry.
Produktinformation
- Format: Kindle Edition
- Dateigröße: 12661 KB
- Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe: 654 Seiten
- ISBN-Quelle für Seitenzahl: 1467930326
- Verlag: Create Space; Auflage: 1 (11. November 2011)
- Verkauf durch: Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.
- Sprache: Englisch
- ASIN: B006UMIEWS
- Text-to-Speech (Vorlesemodus): Aktiviert
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Produktbeschreibungen
Kurzbeschreibung
In the first chapter the authors present an original method for calculating the efficiency of the gear, the forces of the gearing, the velocities and the powers.
The originality consists in the way of determination of the gear efficiency because it hasn’t used the friction forces of couple (this new way eliminates the classical method).
It eliminates the necessity of determining the friction coefficients by different experimental methods as well.
The efficiency determinates by the new method is the same like the classical efficiency, namely the mechanical efficiency of the gear.
Precisely one determines the dynamics efficiency, but at the gears transmissions, the dynamics efficiency is the same like the mechanical efficiency; this is a greater advantage of the gears transmissions.
In the second chapter one presents shortly an original method to obtain the efficiency of the geared transmissions in function of the contact ratio. With the presented relations it can make the dynamic synthesis of the geared transmissions having in view increasing the efficiency of gearing mechanisms in work.
The calculation relationships (13-15) are general. They have the advantage that can be used with great precision in determining the efficiency of any type of gearings.
The best efficiency can be obtained with the internal gearing when the drive wheel 1 is the ring; the minimum efficiency will be obtained when the drive wheel 1 of the internal gearing has external teeth.
For the external gearing, the best efficiency is obtained when the bigger wheel is the drive wheel; when we decrease the normal angle a0, the contact ratio increases and the efficiency increases as well.
The efficiency increases too, when the number of teeth of the drive wheel 1 increases (when z1 increases).
Nearly all the models studied the dynamic on gearing with axes parallel, is based on mechanical models of classical (known) who is studying spinning vibration of shafts gears and determine their own beats and strains of shafts spinning; sure that they are very useful, but are not actually join formed of the two teeth in contact (or more pairs of teeth in contact), that is not treated physiology of the mechanism itself with toothed gears for a view that the phenomena are dynamic taking place in top gear flat; model [1] just try this so, but the whole theory is based directly on the impact of teeth (collisions between teeth); the third chapter will present an original model that tries to explore the dynamic phenomena taking place in the plane geared couple from the geared transmissions with parallel axes.
Synthesis of classical planetary mechanisms is usually based on kinematic relations, considering in especially the transmission ratio input-output achieved. The planetary mechanisms are less synthesized based by their mechanical efficiency developed in operation, although this criterion is part of the real dynamics of mechanisms, being also the most important criterion in terms of performance of a mechanism. Even when it used the efficiency criterion, the determination of the planetary yield, is made only with approximate relationships. The most widely recognized method is one method of Russian school of mechanisms. The last chapter determines the exact method to calculate the mechanical efficiency of a planetary mechanism. In this mode it is resolving one important problem of the dynamics of planetary mechanisms.
Produktinformation
- Format: Kindle Edition
- Dateigröße: 2243 KB
- Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe: 72 Seiten
- Verlag: Create Space; Auflage: 1 (22. Januar 2012)
- Verkauf durch: Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.
- Sprache: Englisch
- ASIN: B0070Q86JY
- Text-to-Speech (Vorlesemodus): Aktiviert
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in Europe. Although geographically located at the continent's southeast, it is generally included in Western Europe.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the twelfth longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of ancient Greece, generally considered the cradle of Western civilization. As such, it is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature and historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, Geography, Biology, university education, coinage, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. This legacy is partly reflected in the seventeen UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in Greece, ranking Greece 7th in Europe and 13th in the world. The modern Greek state was established in 1830, following the Greek War of Independence.
A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and very high standards of living, Greece has been a member of what is now the European Union since 1981 and the eurozone since 2001, NATO since 1952, and the European Space Agency since 2005. It is also a founding member of the United Nations, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. Greece is the largest economy of the Balkans.
Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus).
The name of Greece differs in Greece in comparison with the names used for the country in other languages and cultures, just like the names of the Greeks. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada and its official name is Hellenic Republic, in English the country is called Greece.
While the area around Attica was inhabited during the Upper Paleolithic period (30000 –10000 BC), archaeological evidence suggests that the small caves around the Acropolis rock and the Klepsythra spring were in use during the Neolithic Period (3000–2800 BC). Greece was the first area in Europe where advanced early civilizations emerged, beginning with the Cycladic civilization of the Aegean Sea, the Minoan civilization in Crete and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland. Later, various Greek kingdoms and city-states emerged across the Greek peninsula and spread to the shores of the Black Sea, South Italy and Asia Minor, reaching great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural “boom” that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science and philosophy, and nurtured in Athens under a democratic environment.
Athens and Sparta led the way in repelling the Persian Empire in a series of battles. Both were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedonia, with the latter under the guidance of Alexander the Great uniting and leading the Greek world to victory over the Persians.
The Hellenistic period was brought only partially to a close two centuries later with the establishment of Roman rule over Greek lands in 146 BC. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia and the many other new Hellenistic cities in Asia and Africa founded in Alexander's wake.
The Byzantine Empire existed for more than a thousand years, from the 4th century to 1453. During most of its existence, it remained one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe, d
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The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift), named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842 in Prague, is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from an observer. The received frequency is higher (compared to the emitted frequency) during the approach, it is identical at the instant of passing by, and it is lower during the recession.
The relative changes in frequency can be explained as follows. When the source of the waves is moving toward the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave. Therefore each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer than the previous wave. Therefore the time between the arrival of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency. While they are travelling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced; so the waves "bunch together". Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency. The distance between successive wave fronts is increased, so the waves "spread out".
For waves that propagate in a medium, such as sound waves, the velocity of the observer and of the source are relative to the medium in which the waves are transmitted. The total Doppler effect may therefore result from motion of the source, motion of the observer, or motion of the medium. Each of these effects are analyzed separately. For waves which do not require a medium, such as light or gravity in general relativity, only the relative difference in velocity between the observer and the source needs to be considered.
The Doppler Effect [1-3] represents the frequency variation of the waves, received by an observer which is drawing (coming), respectively it’s removing (going), from a wave spring (source).
If a bright spring is drawing to an observer, the frequency of waves received by the observer is bigger than the emitted frequency of source, such that the respective spectral lines are moving to violet.
On the contrary, if the light source is removing from the observer, the spectral lines are moving to red.
One proposes to study the Doppler Effect for the light waves, generally for the electromagnetic waves.
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Produktbeschreibungen
Kurzbeschreibung
This book, try a vision about the tomorrow Earth's energies.
Besides the traditional energies, are presented and possible new energies source.
The author presents shortly, the annihilation process, which can donate energies obtained by the annihilation process between a particle and its antiparticle.
Practically it proposes obtaining energy by the process of annihilation of matter with the antimatter.
Another proposed method is the acquiring energy from the source and retransmitting it on the Earth in concentrated form.
Energy development is the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.
Technologically advanced societies have become increasingly dependent on external energy sources for transportation, the production of many manufactured goods, and the delivery of energy services.
This energy allows people who can afford the cost to live under otherwise unfavorable climatic conditions through the use of heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning. Level of use of external energy sources differs across societies, as do the climate, convenience, levels of traffic congestion, pollution and availability of domestic energy sources.
All terrestrial energy sources except nuclear, geothermal and tidal are from current solar insolation or from fossil remains of plant and animal life that relied directly and indirectly upon sunlight, respectively.
Ultimately, solar energy itself is the result of the Sun's nuclear fusion.
Geothermal power from hot, hardened rock above the magma of the Earth's core is the result of the decay of radioactive materials present beneath the Earth's crust, and nuclear fission relies on man-made fission of heavy radioactive elements in the Earth's crust; in both cases these elements were produced in supernova explosions before the formation of the solar system.
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).
In 2008, about 19% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity.
New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.7% and are growing very rapidly.
The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 158 (GW) in 2009, and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.
At the end of 2009, cumulative global photovoltaic (PV) installations surpassed 21 GW and PV power stations are popular in Germany and Spain.
Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 megawatt (MW) SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert.
The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel.
Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA, the world's largest producer in absolute terms, although not as a percentage of its total motor fuel use.
While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.
Globally, an estimated 3 million households get power from small solar PV systems. Micro-hydro systems configured into village-scale or county-scale mini-grids serve many areas.
Produktinformation
- Format: Kindle Edition
- Dateigröße: 613 KB
- Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe: 134 Seiten
- ISBN-Quelle für Seitenzahl: 1467937533
- Verlag: Create Space; Auflage: 1 (12. November 2011)
- Verkauf durch: Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.
- Sprache: Englisch
- ASIN: B006UKLD4G
- Text-to-Speech (Vorlesemodus): Aktiviert
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Produktbeschreibungen
Kurzbeschreibung
Welcome! A Short Book Description
The movement of an electron around the atomic nucleus has today a great importance in many engineering fields. Electronics, aeronautics, micro and nanotechnology, electrical engineering, optics, lasers, nuclear power, computing, equipment and automation, telecommunications, genetic engineering, bioengineering, special processing, modern welding, robotics, energy and electromagnetic wave field is today only a few of the many applications of electronic engineering. This first chapter presents shortly a new and original relation which calculates the radius with that the electron is running around the atomic nucleus.
The second chapter presents, shortly, a new and original relation (20) which calculates the Doppler Effect exactly. This new relation (20) is the exact form and the classical expression (10) is an approximate relation.
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. The third chapter aims to disseminate new methods of obtaining energy. After 1950, began to appear nuclear fission plants. The fission energy was a necessary evil. In this mode it stretched the oil life, avoiding an energy crisis. Even so, the energy obtained from oil represents about 66% of all energy used. At this rate of use of oil, it will be consumed in about 40 years. Today, the production of energy obtained by nuclear fusion is not yet perfect prepared. But time passes quickly. We must rush to implement of the additional sources of energy already known, but and find new energy sources. In these circumstances this chapter comes to proposing possible new energy sources, like energies obtained by the annihilation of a particle with its antiparticle.
Speaking about a new ionic engine means to speak about a new aircraft. This chapter presents shortly the actual ionic engines (called ion thrusters) and the new ionic (pulse) engines proposed by the author.
Ionic engine (ion thruster, which accelerates the positive ions through a potential difference) is about 10 times more effective than classic system based on combustion.
We can still improve the efficiency of 10-50 times if one uses pulses of positive ions accelerated in a cyclotron mounted on the ship; the efficiency can easily grow for 1000 times if the positive ions will be accelerated in a high energy synchrotron, synchrocyclotron or isochronous cyclotron (1-100 GeV). In this, the big classic synchrotron is reduced to a ring surface (magnetic core). Future (ionic) engine will have mandatory a circular particle accelerator (high or very high energy).
We can thus increase the speed and autonomy of the ship using a less quantity of fuel and power.
One can use synchrotron radiation (synchrotron light, high intensity beams), like high intensity (X-ray or Gamma ray) radiation, as well. In this case will be a beam engine (not an ionic engine), it’ll use only the power (energy, which can be solar energy, nuclear energy, or both) and so we will remove the fuel. It proposes using a powerful LINAC at the exit of synchrotron (especially when one accelerates electrons) to not lose energy by photons premature emission.
With a new ionic engine one builds a new aircraft, which can travel through water and. This new aircraft will can accelerate directly, without an additional combustion engine and without gravity assists from other planets.
Should start some spatial projects, to capture a large amount of energy somewhere near the source (near the Sun), energy which can be sent then to the Earth in a concentrated form (LASER, MASER, IRASER, etc).
The enormous energy emanating from the sun is spreading in all directions of the universe, and dilute with the distance.
Produktinformation
- Format: Kindle Edition
- Dateigröße: 491 KB
- Seitenzahl der Print-Ausgabe: 74 Seiten
- ISBN-Quelle für Seitenzahl: 1467948802
- Verlag: Create Space; Auflage: 1 (18. November 2011)
- Verkauf durch: Amazon Media EU S.à r.l.
- Sprache: Englisch
- ASIN: B006X25O46
- Text-to-Speech (Vorlesemodus): Aktiviert
- Durchschnittliche Kundenbewertung: Geben Sie die erste Bewertung für diesen Artikel ab
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Welcome! A Short Book Description
The movement of an electron around the atomic nucleus has today a great importance in many engineering fields. Electronics, aeronautics, micro and nanotechnology, electrical engineering, optics, lasers, nuclear power, computing, equipment and automation, telecommunications, genetic engineering, bioengineering, special processing, modern welding, robotics, energy and electromagnetic wave field is today only a few of the many applications of electronic engineering.
This work presents shortly a new and original relation which calculates the radius with that the electron is running around the atomic nucleus.
The movement of an electron around the atomic nucleus has today a great importance in many engineering fields. Electronics, aeronautics, micro and nanotechnology, electrical engineering, optics, lasers, nuclear power, computing, equipment and automation, telecommunications, genetic engineering, bioengineering, special processing, modern welding, robotics, energy and electromagnetic wave field is today only a few of the many applications of electronic engineering.
This work presents shortly a new and original relation which calculates the radius with that the electron is running around the atomic nucleus.
PRESENTING OF AN ATOMIC MODEL AND SOME POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS IN LASER FIELD
INTRODUCTION
This work presents, shortly, a new and original relation (20 & 20’) who determines the radius with that, the electron is running around the nucleus of an atom [2].
In the picture number 1 one presents some electrons that are moving around the nucleus of an atom [1].
Fig. 1 Electrons moving around the atomic nucleus;
The atomic nucleus consists of nucleons (protons and neutrons)
One utilizes, two times the Lorenz relation (5), the Niels Bohr generalized equation (7), and a mass relation (4) which it was deduced from the kinematics energy relation written in two modes: classical (1) and coulombian (2). Equalizing the mass relation (4) with Lorenz relation (5) one obtains the form (6) which is a relation between the squared electron speed (v2) and the radius (r).
The second relation (8), between v2 and r, it was obtained by equalizing the mass of Bohr equation (7) and the mass of Lorenz relation (5).
In the system (8) – (6) eliminating the squared electron speed (v2), it determines the radius r, with that the electron is moving around the atomic nucleus; see the relation (20).
For a Bohr energetically level (n=a constant value), one determines now two energetically below levels, which form an electronic layer.
The author realizes by this a new atomic model, or a new quantum theory, which explains the existence of electron-clouds without spin [1-2].
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Welcome! A Short Book Description
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. The book aims to disseminate new methods of obtaining energy. After 1950, began to appear nuclear fission plants. The fission energy was a necessary evil. In this mode it stretched the oil life, avoiding an energy crisis. Even so, the energy obtained from oil represents about 66% of all energy used. At this rate of use of oil, it will be consumed in about 40 years.
Today, the production of energy obtained by nuclear fusion is not yet perfect prepared. But time passes quickly. We must rush to implement of the additional sources of energy already known, but and find new energy sources.
In these circumstances this book comes to proposing possible new energy sources, like energies obtained by the annihilation of a particle with its antiparticle.
How much energy, can we get from inside of the matter? Einstein has showed that from one kg of matter we could get the energy needs for entire Earth for a year:
E=m.c2=1[kg].(3.108)2[(m/s)2]=9.1016[j]=2,5.1010[KWh]=
=2,5.107[MWh]=2,5.104[GWh]=25[TWh]
We could do this, but only if we could extract all the energy from inside the matter.
Through nuclear fusion reaction can be extracted only a part of the rest energy of the particles used. This drop of energy (1 / 1000 of the mass energy of a proton-neutron pairs) is called, discrepancy.
For a kg of particles proton-neutron pairs, fusion energy is about a thousand times smaller than the total energy of a kilogram of matter (only 29 [GWh] from the total internal energy, 25 [TWh]); and considering that a return of 100% fusion reaction, which can’t be done anyway.
Theoretically speaking, we can’t draw from within the matter (through nuclear fusion reaction) than at most the thousandth part of its energy. Having in view the yield of the nuclear fusion reaction, this obtained energy is and less.
Through reaction of nuclear fission, the energies obtained will be even smaller.
The solution proposed in this work, obtaining energy by the mutual annihilation of two opposite particles, makes possible the requirement of extracting whole energy contained in matter.
Should start some spatial projects, to capture a large amount of energy somewhere near the source (near the Sun), energy which can be sent then to the Earth in a concentrated form (LASER, MASER, IRASER, etc).
The enormous energy emanating from the sun is spreading in all directions of the universe, and dilute with the distance.
On Earth no longer reach than a small amount from the energy emanated by the sun.
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According to Aulus Gellius, Archytas, the Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist, was reputed to have designed and built, around 400 BC, the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 metres. This machine, which its inventor called The Pigeon, may have been suspended on a wire or pivot for its flight.
The 9th century Muslim Berber inventor, Abbas Ibn Firnas's glider is considered by John Harding to be the first attempt at heavier-than-air flight in aviation history.
In 1010 AD an English monk, Eilmer of Malmesbury purportedly piloted a primitive gliding craft from the tower of Malmesbury Abbey. Eilmer was said to have flown over 200 yards (180 m) before landing, breaking both his legs. He later remarked that the only reason he did not fly further was because he forgot to give it a tail, and he was about to add one when his concerned Abbot forbade him any further experiments.
Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Brazil and Portugal, an experimenter with early airship designs. In 1709 demonstrated a small airship model before the Portuguese court, but never succeeded with a full-scale model.
Pilâtre de Rozier, Paris, France, first trip by a human in a free-flying balloon (the Montgolfière), built by Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier,. 9 km covered in 25 minutes on October 15, 1783. (see Le Globe below for first unmanned flight, 2 months earlier)
Professor Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert, two French brothers, Anne-Jean and Nicolas-Louis, variously shared three milestones of pioneering flight :
Le Globe, the first unmanned hydrogen gas balloon flew on 26 August 1783.
On 1 December 1783 La Charlière piloted by Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert made the first manned hydrogen balloon flight.
You are welcome to read the full book! The author.
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An ion thruster is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion that creates thrust by accelerating ions. Ion thrusters are characterized by how they accelerate the ions, using either electrostatic or electromagnetic force. Electrostatic ion thrusters use the Coulomb Force and accelerate the ions in the direction of the electric field. Electromagnetic ion thrusters use the Lorentz Force to accelerate the ions. Note that the term "ion thruster" frequently denotes the electrostatic or gridded ion thrusters, only.
The thrust created in ion thrusters is very small compared to conventional chemical rockets, but a very high specific impulse, or propellant efficiency, is obtained.
Due to their relatively high power needs, given the specific power of power supplies, and the requirement of an environment void of other ionized particles, ion thrust propulsion currently is only practicable in outer space.
The first experiments with ion thrusters were carried out by Robert Goddard at Clark College from 1916-1917. The technique was recommended for near-vacuum conditions at high altitude, but thrust was demonstrated with ionized air streams at atmospheric pressure. The idea appeared again in Hermann Oberth's "Wege zur Raumschiffahrt” (Ways to Spaceflight), published in 1923.
A working ion thruster was built by Harold R. Kaufman in 1959 at the NASA Glenn facilities. It was similar to the general design of a gridded electrostatic ion thruster with mercury as its fuel. Suborbital tests of the engine followed during the 1960s and in 1964 the engine was sent into a suborbital flight aboard the Space Electric Rocket Test 1 (SERT 1). It successfully operated for the planned 31 minutes before falling back to Earth.
Speaking about a new ionic engine means to speak about a new aircraft. The book presents shortly the actual ionic engines (called ion thrusters) and the new ionic (pulse) engines proposed by the author. Ionic engine (ion thruster, which accelerates the positive ions through a potential difference) is about 10 times more effective than classic system based on combustion. We can still improve the efficiency of 10-50 times if one uses pulses of positive ions accelerated in a cyclotron mounted on the ship; the efficiency can easily grow for 1000 times if the positive ions will be accelerated in a high energy synchrotron, synchrocyclotron or isochronous cyclotron (1-100 GeV). In this, the big classic synchrotron is reduced to a ring surface (magnetic core). Future (ionic) engine will have mandatory a circular particle accelerator (high or very high energy). We can thus increase the speed and autonomy of the ship using a less quantity of fuel and power. One can use synchrotron radiation (synchrotron light, high intensity beams), like high intensity (X-ray or Gamma ray) radiation, as well. In this case will be a beam engine (not an ionic engine), it’ll use only the power (energy, which can be solar energy, nuclear energy, or both) and so we will remove the fuel. It proposes using a powerful LINAC at the exit of synchrotron (especially when one accelerates electrons) to not lose energy by photons premature emission. With a new ionic engine one builds a new aircraft, which can travel through water and. This new aircraft will can accelerate directly, without an additional combustion engine and without gravity assists from other planets.
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China (Zhōngguó/Zhōnghuá), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the most populous state in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometers (3.7 million square miles). It is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (SARs), Hong Kong and Macau. Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims the island of Taiwan, which is controlled by the government of the Republic of China, as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War.
China’s landscape is vast and diverse, with forest steppes and the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts occupying the arid north and northwest near Mongolia and Central Asia, and subtropical forests being prevalent in the wetter south near Southeast Asia. The terrain of western China is rugged and elevated, with the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separating China from South and Central Asia. The world’s apex, Mt. Everest (8,848 m), lies on the China-Nepal border, while the world's second-highest point, K2 (8,611 m), is situated on China's border with Pakistan. The country’s lowest and the world’s third-lowest point, Lake Ayding (-154 m), is located in the Turpan Depression. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third- and sixth-longest in the world, have their sources in the Tibetan Plateau and continue to the densely populated eastern seaboard. China’s coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi) long (the 11th-longest in the world), and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East and South China Seas.
The ancient Chinese civilization—one of the world's earliest—flourished in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. China's political system was based on hereditary monarchies, known as dynasties, beginning with the semi-mythological Xia of the Yellow River basin (approx. 2000 BC) and ending with the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. Since 221 BC, when the Qin Dynasty first conquered several states to form a Chinese empire, the country has fractured and been reformed numerous times. The Republic of China (ROC), founded in 1912 after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty, ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949. In the 1946–1949 phase of the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communists defeated the Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang) on the mainland and established the People's Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949. The Kuomintang relocated the ROC government to Taiwan, establishing its capital in Taipei. The ROC's jurisdiction is now limited to Taiwan and several outlying islands, including Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu. Since 1949, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (now widely known as "Taiwan") have remained in dispute over the sovereignty of China and the political status of Taiwan, mutually claiming each other's territory and competing for international diplomatic recognition. In 1971, the PRC gained admission to United Nations and took the Chinese seat as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the G-20.
As of September 2011, all but 23 countries have recognized the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China.
The first Shaolin Monastery abbot was Batuo (also called Fotuo or Buddhabhadra, not to be confused with Bodhidharma) a dhyana master who came to China from India in AD 464.
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Welcome! A Short Book Description
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialized nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
England's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north (for example, the mountainous Lake District, Pennines, and Yorkshire Dales) and in the south west (for example, Dartmoor and the Cotswolds). London, England's capital, is the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. England's population is about 51 million, around 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, and is largely concentrated in London, the South East and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Meadowlands and pastures are found beyond the major cities.
The Kingdom of England—which after 1284 included Wales—was a sovereign state until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, the Irish Free State was established as a separate dominion, but the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 reincorporated into the kingdom six Irish counties to officially create the current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The name "England" is derived from the Old English name Engla land, which means "land of the Angles". The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. The Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of "England" to refer to the southern part of the island of Great Britain occurs in 897, and its modern spelling was first used in 1538.
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Synthesis of classical planetary mechanisms is usually based on kinematic relations, considering in especially the transmission ratio input-output achieved. The planetary mechanisms are less synthesized based by their mechanical efficiency developed in operation, although this criterion is part of the real dynamics of mechanisms, being also the most important criterion in terms of performance of a mechanism. Even when it used the efficiency criterion, the determination of the planetary yield, is made only with approximate relationships. The most widely recognized method is one method of Russian school of mechanisms. This book determines the exact method to calculate the mechanical efficiency of a planetary mechanism. In this mode it is resolving one important problem of the dynamics of planetary mechanisms.
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Quelques Specifications au Sujet de L'Effet Doppler sur les Vagues Electro-Magnetiques [Kindle Edition]
Florian Ion Petrescu (Autor)
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Bienvenue! Une Description Courte du Livre
Ce papier présente bientôt, un rapport nouvel et original de (20) qui calcule L'effet du doppler exactement. Ce nouveau rapport de (20) est l'imprimé exact et l'expression classique de (10) est un rapport approximatif.
Le rapport approximatif classique que (10) a présenté dans l'imprimé de (15) ne peut pas prévoir L'effet du doppler pour l'argument quand l'angle de φ =900. Car cette raison il était a introduit l'effet de la relativité, où la période0 prise de T le formez T0/ α. Avant pour utiliser la théorie de la relativité il est fortement nécessaire de tester les relations de (8), (18) ou (20) et l'imprimé particulier que (14) (pour l'angle) que (=90 de φ0,) à le fait de tester le doppler exige réalise sans la théorie de la relativité.
L'effet du doppler représente l'écart de la fréquence des vagues reçues par un observateur qui est le croquis (l'arrivée), respectivement que cela retire (en partant), depuis le printemps d'une vague (la source.)
Si un printemps brillant dessine à un observateur, la fréquence des vagues reçues par l'observateur est plus grosse que la fréquence émise de la source, de telle sorte que les lignes spectrales respectives se déplacent au violet. Au contraire, si la source légère est retirant de la part de l'observateur, les lignes spectrales se déplacent au rouge.
On a l'intention d'étudier L'effet du doppler pour les vagues légères, en général pour les vagues électromagnétiques. Le papier propose pour L'effet du doppler le rapport de (20) qui peut remplacer l'imprimé classique de (10).
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Title:New Doppler Effect
Pages:unknown
Price:$0
Added:01-23-2012
Welcome! A Short Book Description
The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift), named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842 in Prague, is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave.
It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from an observer.
The received frequency is higher (compared to the emitted frequency) during the approach, it is identical at the instant of passing by, and it is lower during the recession.
The relative changes in frequency can be explained as follows.
When the source of the waves is moving toward the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave.
Therefore each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer than the previous wave.
Therefore the time between the arrival of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency.
While they are travelling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced; so the waves "bunch together".
Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency.
The distance between successive wave fronts is increased, so the waves "spread out".
For waves that propagate in a medium, such as sound waves, the velocity of the observer and of the source is relative to the medium in which the waves are transmitted.
The total Doppler Effect may therefore result from motion of the source, motion of the observer, or motion of the medium.
Each of these effects is analyzed separately.
For waves which do not require a medium, such as light or gravity in general relativity, only the relative difference in velocity between the observer and the source needs to be considered.
The Doppler Effect [1-3] represents the frequency variation of the waves, received by an observer which is drawing (coming), respectively it’s removing (going), from a wave spring (source).
If a bright spring is drawing to an observer, the frequency of waves received by the observer is bigger than the emitted frequency of source, such that the respective spectral lines are moving to violet.
On the contrary, if the light source is removing from the observer, the spectral lines are moving to red.
One proposes to study the Doppler Effect for the light waves, generally for the electromagnetic waves.
Sonic Booms
A sonic boom is the thunder-like noise a person on the ground hears when an aircraft or other type of aerospace vehicle flies overhead faster than the speed of sound or supersonic.
Air reacts like a fluid to supersonic objects. As objects travel through the air, the air molecules are pushed aside with great force and this forms a shock wave much like a boat creates a bow wave. The bigger and heavier the aircraft, the more air it displaces.
The Cause
The shock wave forms a cone of pressurized air molecules which move outward and rearward in all directions and extend to the ground. As the cone spreads across the landscape along the flight path, they create a continuous sonic boom along the full width of the cone's base. The sharp release of pressure, after the buildup by the shock wave, is heard as the sonic boom.
The change in air pressure associated with a sonic boom is only a few pounds per square foot -- about the same pressure change experienced riding an elevator down two or three floors. It is the rate of change, the sudden onset of the pressure change that makes the sonic boom audible.
All aircraft generate two cones, at the nose and at the tail. They are usually of similar strength and the time interval between the two as they reach the ground is primarily dependent on the size of the aircraft and its altitude.
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Title: Memories About Flight!
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Stealth aircraft are aircraft that use stealth technology to avoid detection by employing a combination of features to interfere with radar as well as reduce visibility in the infrared, visual, audio, and radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Development of stealth technology likely began in Germany during World War II. Well-known modern examples of stealth aircraft include the United States' F-117 Nighthawk (1981–2008, fig. 96), the B-2 Spirit (fig. 97), the F-22 Raptor (fig. 98), and the F-35 Lightning II (fig. 99).
While no aircraft is totally invisible to radar, stealth aircraft prevent conventional radar from detecting or tracking the aircraft effectively, reducing the odds of a successful attack. Stealth is the combination of passive low observable (LO) features and active emitters such as Low Probability of Intercept Radars, radios and laser designators. These are usually combined with active defenses such as chaff, flares, and ECM. It is accomplished by using a complex design philosophy to reduce the ability of an opponent's sensors to detect, track, or attack the stealth aircraft. This philosophy also takes into account the heat, sound, and other emissions of the aircraft as these can also be used to locate it.
According to Aulus Gellius, Archytas, the Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist, was reputed to have designed and built, around 400 BC, the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 metres. This machine, which its inventor called The Pigeon, may have been suspended on a wire or pivot for its flight.
The 9th century Muslim Berber inventor, Abbas Ibn Firnas's glider is considered by John Harding to be the first attempt at heavier-than-air flight in aviation history.
In 1010 AD an English monk, Eilmer of Malmesbury purportedly piloted a primitive gliding craft from the tower of Malmesbury Abbey. Eilmer was said to have flown over 200 yards (180 m) before landing, breaking both his legs. He later remarked that the only reason he did not fly further was because he forgot to give it a tail, and he was about to add one when his concerned Abbot forbade him any further experiments.
Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Brazil and Portugal, an experimenter with early airship designs. In 1709 demonstrated a small airship model before the Portuguese court, but never succeeded with a full-scale model.
Pilâtre de Rozier, Paris, France, first trip by a human in a free-flying balloon (the Montgolfière), built by Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier,. 9 km covered in 25 minutes on October 15, 1783. (see Le Globe below for first unmanned flight, 2 months earlier)
Professor Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert, two French brothers, Anne-Jean and Nicolas-Louis, variously shared three milestones of pioneering flight :
Le Globe, the first unmanned hydrogen gas balloon flew on 26 August 1783 (fig. 1).
On 1 December 1783 La Charlière piloted by Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert made the first manned hydrogen balloon flight.
On 19 September 1784, La Caroline, an elongated craft that followed Jean Baptiste Meusnier's proposals for a dirigible balloon, completed the first flight over 100 km from Paris to Beuvry.
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Summary: The title of this book is Memories About Flight! and it was written by Relly Victoria Petrescu, Florian Ion Petrescu. This edition of Memories About Flight! is in a Kindle Edition format. This books publish date is November 2011. Download it here. There are 654 pages in the book and it was published by Create Space. The ASIN for this book is B006UMIEWS.
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Relly Victoria Petrescu, Florian Ion Petrescu
ASIN: B0070O53NS
Publisher: unknown
Pages: N/A
The paper presents an original method to determine the efficiency of the gear. The originality of this method relies on the eliminated friction modulus. The paper is analyzing the influence of a few parameters concerning gear efficiency. These parameters are: z1 - the number of teeth for the primary wheel of gear; z2 - the number of teeth of the secondary wheel of gear; α0 - the normal pressure angle on the divided circle; β - the inclination angle. With the relations presented in this paper, one can make the synthesis of the gear’s mechanisms. Some mechanisms work by pulses and are transmitting the movement from an element to another by pulses and not by friction. Gears work practically only by pulses. The component of slip or friction is practically the loss. Because of this the mechanical efficacy becomes practically the mechanical efficiency of gear.The paper is analyzing the inf ...
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About the author:
Nihil sine Deo
Ph.D. Eng. Florian Ion PETRESCU
Senior Lecturer at UPB (Bucharest Polytechnic University).
Citizenship: Romanian;
Date of birth: March.28.1958;
Higher education: Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Faculty of Transport, Road Vehicles Department, graduated in 1982, with overall average 9.63;
Doctoral Thesis: Theoretical and Applied Contributions About the Dynamic of Planar Mechanisms with Superior Joints".
Expert in Industrial Design, Engineering Mechanical Design, Engines Design, Mechanical Transmissions, Dynamics, Vibrations, Mechanisms Machines Robots and Mechatronics, Aircraft, Vehicles, Trains, Physics, Energy, Power, Nuclear Physics, Quantum, Atomic and Nuclear Fields.
Association:
Member ARoTMM - IFToMM, SIAR-FISITA, ARR.
Languages known:
-French; -English.
Related activities and functions:
Instructor and Social Commission Head of CUB (Bucharest's University Center) 1985-1987, the Third Head of CUB after [Moncea] and Bostan, 1985-1987.
Authored by Dr. Florian Ion T. Petrescu
Welcome! A Short Book Description
The movement of an electron around the atomic nucleus has today a great importance in many engineering fields. Electronics, aeronautics, micro and nanotechnology, electrical engineering, optics, lasers, nuclear power, computing, equipment and automation, telecommunications, genetic engineering, bioengineering, special processing, modern welding, robotics, energy and electromagnetic wave field is today only a few of the many applications of electronic engineering. This first chapter presents shortly a new and original relation which calculates the radius with that the electron is running around the atomic nucleus.
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http://www.scoop.it/t/neat-new-technology
http://www.networkedblogs.com/blog/physics_economy_new_energy_by_sepp_hasslberger
http://www.utgjiu.ro/rev_mec/mecanica/pdf/2011-02/20_Petrescu.pdf
Stealth aircraft are aircraft that use stealth technology to avoid detection by employing a combination of features to interfere with radar as well as reduce visibility in the infrared, visual, audio, and radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Development of stealth technology likely began in Germany during World War II. Well-known modern examples of stealth aircraft include the United States' F-117 Nighthawk (1981–2008), the B-2 Spirit, the F-22 Raptor, and the F-35 Lightning II. While no aircraft is totally invisible to radar, stealth aircraft prevent conventional radar from detecting or tracking the aircraft effectively, reducing the odds of a successful attack. Stealth is the combination of passive low observable (LO) features and active emitters such as Low Probability of Intercept Radars, radios and laser designators. These are usually combined with active defenses such as chaff, flares, and ECM. It is accomplished by using a complex design philosophy to reduce the ability of an opponent's sensors to detect, track, or attack the stealth aircraft. This philosophy also takes into account the heat, sound, and other emissions of the aircraft as these can also be used to locate it. Speaking about a new ionic engine means to speak about a new aircraft. The book presents shortly the actual ionic engines (called ion thrusters) and the new ionic (pulse) engines proposed by the authors. Ionic engine (ion thruster, which accelerates the positive ions through a potential difference) is about 10 times more effective than classic system based on combustion. We can still improve the efficiency of 10-50 times if one uses pulses of positive ions accelerated in a cyclotron mounted on the ship; the efficiency can easily grow for 1000 times if the positive ions will be accelerated in a high energy synchrotron, synchrocyclotron or isochronous cyclotron (1-100 GeV). In this, the big classic synchrotron is reduced to a ring surface (magnetic core). Future (ionic) engine will have mandatory a circular particle accelerator (high or very high energy). We can thus increase the speed and autonomy of the ship using a less quantity of fuel and power. One can use synchrotron radiation (synchrotron light, high intensity beams), like high intensity (X-ray or Gamma ray) radiation, as well. In this case will be a beam engine (not an ionic engine), it’ll use only the power (energy, which can be solar energy, nuclear energy, or both) and so we will remove the fuel. It proposes using a powerful LINAC at the exit of synchrotron (especially when one accelerates electrons) to not lose energy by photons premature emission. With a new ionic engine one builds a new aircraft, which can travel through water and. This new aircraft will can accelerate directly, without an additional combustion engine and without gravity assists from other planets.
  
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